What Does the Cover Art of Brave New World Mean

1932 dystopian scientific discipline fiction novel past Aldous Huxley

Brave New Globe

First edition encompass by Leslie Holland
Author	Aldous Huxley
Country	Great britain
Genre	Science fiction, dystopian fiction
Publisher	Chatto & Windus
Publication engagement	1932
Pages	311 (1932 ed.) 63,766 words[i]
OCLC	20156268

Dauntless New World is a dystopian social scientific discipline fiction novel by English language author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely fix in a futuristic World Land, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive engineering science, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and classical workout that are combined to make a dystopian society which is challenged past simply a single private: the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final novel, Isle (1962), the utopian analogue. The novel is often compared to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (published 1949).

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World at number 5 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.^[two] In 2003, Robert McCrum, writing for The Observer, included Brave New World chronologically at number 53 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on The Big Read survey past the BBC.^[4] Despite this, Brave New World has oftentimes been banned and challenged since its original publication. Information technology has landed on the American Library Clan list of elevation 100 banned and challenged books of the decade since the association began the list in 1990.^{[five] [6] [7]}

Title [edit]

The title Brave New Earth derives from Miranda'due south voice communication in William Shakespeare'southward The Storm, Act V, Scene I:^[8]

O wonder!
How many goodly creatures are there here!
How beauteous flesh is! O dauntless new world,
That has such people in't.

—William Shakespeare, The Storm, Act V, Scene I, ll. 203–206^[9]

Shakespeare's use of the phrase is intended ironically, every bit the speaker is failing to recognise the evil nature of the island'south visitors because of her innocence.^[10] Indeed, the next speaker replies to Miranda'due south innocent ascertainment with the statement "They are new to thee..."

Translations of the championship ofttimes allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature: the French edition of the piece of work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes (The Best of All Worlds), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz^[11] and satirised in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). The outset Chinese translation, washed by novelist Lily Hsueh and Aaron Jen-wang Hsueh in 1974, is entitled Meili xin shijie (Cute New Globe).

History [edit]

Huxley wrote Brave New World whilst living in Sanary-sur-Mer, France, in the four months from May to August 1931.^{[12] [13] [14]} By this time, Huxley had already established himself as a writer and social satirist. He was a contributor to Vanity Fair and Faddy magazines, and had published a collection of his poetry (The Burning Wheel, 1916) and four successful satirical novels: Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Arid Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Bespeak (1928). Dauntless New World was Huxley'south fifth novel and first dystopian work.

A passage in Crome Yellow contains a brief pre-figuring of Brave New World, showing that Huxley had such a future in mind already in 1921. Mr. Scogan, i of the earlier volume's characters, describes an "impersonal generation" of the futurity that will "take the place of Nature'southward hideous system. In vast land incubators, rows upon rows of gravid bottles will supply the world with the population it requires. The family system volition disappear; society, sapped at its very base, will have to observe new foundations; and Eros, beautifully and irresponsibly gratis, will flit like a gay butterfly from flower to flower through a sunlit world."

Huxley said that Brave New World was inspired by the utopian novels of H. M. Wells, including A Mod Utopia (1905), and Men Similar Gods (1923).^[xv] Wells's hopeful vision of the future's possibilities gave Huxley the idea to begin writing a parody of the novels, which became Brave New World. He wrote in a alphabetic character to Mrs. Arthur Goldsmith, an American associate, that he had "been having a trivial fun pulling the leg of H. G. Wells", simply then he "got caught up in the excitement of [his] own ideas."^[sixteen] Unlike the well-nigh popular optimistic utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to Brave New World equally a "negative utopia", somewhat influenced past Wells's own The Sleeper Awakes (dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioural conditioning) and the works of D. H. Lawrence.^[17] For his part Wells published, ii years later on Dauntless New World, his own Utopian Shape of Things to Come. Seeking to refute the argument of Huxely's Mustafa Mond - that moronic underclasses were a necessary "social gyroscope" and that a society composed solely of intelligent, assertive "Alphas" would inevitably atomize is internecine struggle - Wells depicted a stable egalitarian society emerging subsequently several generations of a reforming elite having complete control of education throughout the world. In the futurity depicted in Wells' volume, posterity remembers Huxley as "a reactionary author".^[18]

The scientific futurism in Dauntless New World is believed to be appropriated from Daedalus ^[19] past J. B. S. Haldane.^[xx]

The events of the Depression in the UK in 1931, with its mass unemployment and the abandonment of the golden currency standard, persuaded Huxley to assert that stability was the "cardinal and ultimate need" if civilisation was to survive the present crisis.^[21] The Brave New World graphic symbol Mustapha Mond, Resident Globe Controller of Western Europe, is named after Sir Alfred Mond. Shortly before writing the novel, Huxley visited Mond'southward technologically advanced plant near Billingham, north east England, and it made a great impression on him.^{[21] : xxii}

Huxley used the setting and characters in his science fiction novel to express widely felt anxieties, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced world of the future. An early trip to the United States gave Brave New World much of its graphic symbol. Huxley was outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness, and sexual promiscuity, and the in-looking nature of many Americans;^[22] he had besides found the volume My Life and Work by Henry Ford on the boat to America, and he saw the volume's principles applied in everything he encountered after leaving San Francisco.^{[21] : viii}

Plot [edit]

The novel opens in the Globe State urban center of London in AF (After Ford) 632 (Advertisement 2540 in the Gregorian calendar), where citizens are engineered through bogus wombs and childhood indoctrination programmes into predetermined classes (or castes) based on intelligence and labour. Lenina Crowne, a hatchery worker, is popular and sexually desirable, merely Bernard Marx, a psychologist, is not. He is shorter in stature than the boilerplate fellow member of his high caste, which gives him an inferiority complex. His piece of work with sleep-learning allows him to sympathise, and disapprove of, his society's methods of keeping its citizens peaceful, which includes their constant consumption of a soothing, happiness-producing drug called Soma. Courting disaster, Bernard is vocal and arrogant about his criticisms, and his dominate contemplates exiling him to Iceland because of his nonconformity. His but friend is Helmholtz Watson, a gifted author who finds information technology difficult to use his talents creatively in their hurting-free society.

Bernard takes a holiday with Lenina outside the Globe Country to a Savage Reservation in New Mexico, in which the two notice natural-born people, disease, the ageing process, other languages, and religious lifestyles for the start fourth dimension. The culture of the hamlet folk resembles the gimmicky Native American groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Hopi and Zuni.^[23] Bernard and Lenina witness a violent public ritual so meet Linda, a woman originally from the Earth Land who is living on the reservation with her son John, now a young man. She, too, visited the reservation on a holiday many years ago, but became separated from her group and was left backside. She had meanwhile go pregnant by a fellow-holidaymaker (who is revealed to exist Bernard's boss, the Managing director of Hatcheries and Conditioning). She did not try to return to the World State, because of her shame at her pregnancy. Despite spending his whole life in the reservation, John has never been accepted by the villagers, and his and Linda'south lives have been hard and unpleasant. Linda has taught John to read, although from the simply volume in her possession—a scientific manual and another volume John institute: the complete works of Shakespeare. Ostracised by the villagers, John is able to clear his feelings but in terms of Shakespearean drama, quoting often from The Tempest, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. Linda now wants to return to London, and John, too, wants to see this "dauntless new globe". Bernard sees an opportunity to thwart plans to exile him, and gets permission to take Linda and John back. On their return to London, John meets the Managing director and calls him his "father", a vulgarity which causes a roar of laughter. The humiliated Director resigns in shame earlier he tin can follow through with exiling Bernard.

Bernard, as "custodian" of the "fell" John who is now treated as a celebrity, is fawned on by the highest members of society and revels in attention he once scorned. Bernard'southward popularity is fleeting, though, and he becomes envious that John only really bonds with the literary-minded Helmholtz. Considered hideous and friendless, Linda spends all her time using soma, while John refuses to attend social events organised by Bernard, appalled by what he perceives to exist an empty society. Lenina and John are physically attracted to each other, merely John'south view of courtship and romance, based on Shakespeare's writings, is utterly incompatible with Lenina'southward freewheeling mental attitude to sex. She tries to seduce him, but he attacks her, earlier suddenly existence informed that his mother is on her deathbed. He rushes to Linda'south bedside, causing a scandal, as this is not the "right" attitude to death. Some children who enter the ward for "decease-conditioning" come up beyond as disrespectful to John until he attacks one physically. He and so tries to break up a distribution of soma to a lower-degree group, telling them that he is freeing them. Helmholtz and Bernard rush in to stop the ensuing riot, which the police quell by spraying soma vapor into the oversupply.

Bernard, Helmholtz, and John are all brought before Mustapha Mond, the "Resident World Controller for Western Europe", who tells Bernard and Helmholtz that they are to be exiled to islands for hating activity. Bernard pleads for a second chance, but Helmholtz welcomes the opportunity to exist a true private, and chooses the Falkland Islands as his destination, believing that their bad weather volition inspire his writing. Mond tells Helmholtz that exile is actually a reward. The islands are total of the nearly interesting people in the earth, individuals who did not fit into the social model of the Earth State. Mond outlines for John the events that led to the present society and his arguments for a degree arrangement and social control. John rejects Mond'due south arguments, and Mond sums up John'southward views by claiming that John demands "the right to be unhappy". John asks if he may go to the islands besides, just Mond refuses, saying he wishes to meet what happens to John next.

Jaded with his new life, John moves to an abandoned hilltop lighthouse, near the village of Puttenham, where he intends to adopt a solitary ascetic lifestyle in social club to purify himself of civilization, practising self-flagellation. This draws reporters and eventually hundreds of amazed sightseers, hoping to witness his bizarre behaviour.

For a while it seems that John might be left alone, after the public's attending is drawn to other diversions, but a documentary maker has secretly filmed John'southward self-flagellation from a distance, and when released the documentary causes an international sensation. Helicopters make it with more than journalists. Crowds of people descend on John's retreat, demanding that he perform his whipping ritual for them. From one helicopter a young woman emerges who is implied to be Lenina. John, at the sight of a adult female he both adores and loathes, whips at her in a fury and and then turns the whip on himself, exciting the crowd, whose wild behaviour transforms into a soma-fuelled orgy. The next morning John awakes on the ground and is consumed past remorse over his participation in the night's events.

That evening, a swarm of helicopters appears on the horizon, the story of last night'south orgy having been in all the papers. The first onlookers and reporters to arrive notice that John is dead. John, although madly in dearest with Lenina, was not able to bear her promiscuity, and, being constantly disturbed by visitors, he had hanged himself.

Characters [edit]

Bernard Marx, a sleep-learning specialist at the Central London Hatchery and Workout Center. Although Bernard is an Alpha-Plus (the upper grade of the society), he is a misfit. He is unusually short for an Alpha; an declared accident with alcohol in Bernard'south blood-surrogate before his decanting has left him slightly stunted. Bernard's independence of listen stems more from his inferiority complex and depressive nature than from whatever depth of philosophical conviction. Unlike his boyfriend utopians, Bernard is often angry, resentful, and jealous. At times, he is also cowardly and hypocritical. His conditioning is clearly incomplete. He doesn't enjoy communal sports, solidarity services, or promiscuous sex. He doesn't even become much joy out of soma. Bernard is in dear with Lenina but he doesn't like her sleeping with other men, even though "everyone belongs to anybody else". Bernard's triumphant return to utopian civilization with John the Savage from the Reservation precipitates the downfall of the Director, who had been planning to exile him. Bernard'south triumph is short-lived; he is ultimately banished to an isle for his non-conformist behaviour.

John, the illicit son of the Director and Linda, born and reared on the Savage Reservation ("Malpais") later on Linda was unwittingly left behind by her errant lover. John ("the Savage" or "Mr. Savage", as he is oftentimes called) is an outsider both on the Reservation—where the natives still practice marriage, natural nascence, family life and religion—and the ostensibly civilised World Land, based on principles of stability and happiness. He has read aught but the complete works of William Shakespeare, which he quotes extensively, and, for the virtually office, aptly, though his allusion to the "Brave New Earth" (Miranda'south words in The Tempest) takes on a darker and bitterly ironic resonance as the novel unfolds. John is intensely moral according to a code that he has been taught by Shakespeare and life in Malpais only is also naïve: his views are as imported into his ain consciousness as are the hypnopedic messages of Globe State citizens. The admonishments of the men of Malpais taught him to regard his mother as a whore; but he cannot grasp that these were the same men who continually sought her out despite their supposedly sacred pledges of monogamy. Because he is unwanted in Malpais, he accepts the invitation to travel back to London and is initially astonished by the comforts of the World State. Notwithstanding, he remains committed to values that exist only in his poesy. He start spurns Lenina for failing to live up to his Shakespearean ideal and so the entire utopian society: he asserts that its technological wonders and consumerism are poor substitutes for individual freedom, human being dignity and personal integrity. After his mother'south expiry, he becomes deeply distressed with grief, surprising onlookers in the hospital. He then withdraws himself from society and attempts to purify himself of "sin" (desire), but is unable to practice so. He finds himself gathering a lot of trouble for both his body and heed. He presently does not realize what is real or what is faux, what he does and what he does not do. Soon everything he thinks about or feels just becomes blurred and unrecognizable. Finally he hangs himself in despair.

Helmholtz Watson, a handsome and successful Alpha-Plus lecturer at the Higher of Emotional Engineering science and a friend of Bernard. He feels unfulfilled writing endless propaganda doggerel, and the stifling conformism and philistinism of the World State brand him restive. Helmholtz is ultimately exiled to the Falkland Islands—a common cold aviary for disaffected Alpha-Plus non-conformists—later on reading a heretical poem to his students on the virtues of solitude and helping John destroy some Deltas' rations of soma following Linda's death. Different Bernard, he takes his exile in his stride and comes to view it as an opportunity for inspiration in his writing.

Lenina Crowne, a young, beautiful fetus technician at the Central London Hatchery and Workout Centre. She is part of the 30% of the female population that are not freemartins (sterile women). Lenina is promiscuous and popular but somewhat quirky in her society: she had a 4-month relation with Henry Foster, choosing not to have sex activity with anyone but him for a flow of time. She is basically happy and well-conditioned, using soma to suppress unwelcome emotions, equally is expected. Lenina has a date with Bernard, to whom she feels ambivalently attracted, and she goes to the Reservation with him. On returning to civilisation, she tries and fails to seduce John the Savage. John loves and desires Lenina simply he is repelled by her forwardness and the prospect of pre-marital sex activity, rejecting her every bit an "impudent strumpet". Lenina visits John at the lighthouse but he attacks her with a whip, unwittingly inciting onlookers to practice the same. Her exact fate is left unspecified.

Mustapha Mond, Resident World Controller of Western Europe, "His Fordship" Mustapha Mond presides over one of the ten zones of the World Country, the global government set up after the cataclysmic 9 Years' State of war and keen Economical Plummet. Sophisticated and good-natured, Mond is an urbane and hyperintelligent advocate of the World Country and its ethos of "Community, Identity, Stability". Amid the novel'south characters, he is uniquely aware of the precise nature of the society he oversees and what it has given up to attain its gains. Mond argues that art, literature, and scientific liberty must be sacrificed to secure the ultimate utilitarian goal of maximising societal happiness. He defends the caste system, behavioural conditioning, and the lack of personal freedom in the Globe State: these, he says, are a price worth paying for achieving social stability, the highest social virtue because information technology leads to lasting happiness.

Fanny Crowne, Lenina Crowne's friend (they take the same last proper noun because only ten thousand last names are in use in a World State comprising 2 billion people). Fanny voices the conventional values of her caste and society, particularly the importance of promiscuity: she advises Lenina that she should take more than than one man in her life because it is unseemly to concentrate on just one. Fanny and then, however, warns Lenina away from a new lover whom she considers undeserving, notwithstanding she is ultimately supportive of the young woman's attraction to the roughshod John.

Henry Foster, one of Lenina's many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina's body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his coincidental attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard. Henry ultimately proves himself every bit the ideal World State citizen, finding no courage to defend Lenina from John's assaults despite having maintained an uncommonly longstanding sexual relationship with her.

Benito Hoover, another of Lenina's lovers. She remembers that he is especially hairy when he takes his clothes off.

The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning (DHC), also known every bit Thomas "Tomakin" Grahambell, he is the administrator of the Central London Hatchery and Workout Centre, where he is a threatening figure who intends to exile Bernard to Republic of iceland. His plans have an unexpected turn, however, when Bernard returns from the Reservation with Linda (see below) and John, a child they both realize is actually his. This fact, scandalous and obscene in the World State, not because it was extramarital (which all sexual acts are), only because it was procreative, leads the Director to resign his post in shame.

Linda , John'southward female parent, decanted equally a Beta-Minus in the World State, originally worked in the DHC's Fertilizing Room, and subsequently lost during a storm while visiting the New United mexican states Vicious Reservation with the Director many years before the events of the novel. Despite following her usual precautions, Linda became pregnant with the Director's son during their time together and was therefore unable to return to the Globe Land past the time that she found her fashion to Malpais. Having been conditioned to the promiscuous social norms of the World Land, Linda finds herself at in one case popular with every homo in the pueblo (because she is open up to all sexual advances) and also reviled for the aforementioned reason, seen equally a whore by the wives of the men who visit her and by the men themselves (who come to her still). Her only comforts there are mescal brought by Popé also as peyotl. Linda is desperate to return to the World State and to soma, wanting nothing more from her remaining life than condolement until death.

The Arch-Community-Songster, the secular equivalent of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the World State society. He takes personal offense when John refuses to attend Bernard'due south political party.

The Director of Crematoria and Phosphorus Reclamation, one of the many disappointed, of import figures to attend Bernard's party.

The Warden, an Alpha-Minus, the talkative main ambassador for the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He is blond, short, broad-shouldered, and has a booming vocalization.^[24]

Darwin Bonaparte, a "big game lensman" (i.e. filmmaker) who films John flogging himself. Darwin Bonaparte became known for 2 works: "feely of the gorillas' wedding ceremony",^[25] and "Sperm Whale'due south Love-life".^[25] He had already fabricated a name for himself^[26] only withal seeks more. He renews his fame by filming the savage, John, in his newest release "The Savage of Surrey".^[27] His name alludes to Charles Darwin and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Dr. Shaw, Bernard Marx'due south medico who consequently becomes the physician of both Linda and John. He prescribes a lethal dose of soma to Linda, which will stop her respiratory system from functioning in a span of one to two months, at her ain behest simply non without protest from John. Ultimately, they all agree that it is for the best, since denying her this request would cause more problem for Gild and Linda herself.

Dr. Gaffney, Provost of Eton, an Upper School for high-caste individuals. He shows Bernard and John effectually the classrooms, and the Hypnopaedic Control Room (used for behavioural workout through sleep learning). John asks if the students read Shakespeare only the Provost says the library contains simply reference books because solitary activities, such as reading, are discouraged.

Miss Keate, Head Mistress of Eton Upper School. Bernard fancies her, and arranges an assignation with her.^[28]

Others [edit]

• Freemartins, women who accept been deliberately made sterile by exposure to male hormones during fetal evolution but withal physically normal except for "the slightest tendency to grow beards." In the volume, government policy requires freemartins to form seventy% of the female person population.

Of Malpais [edit]

• Popé, a native of Malpais. Although he reinforces the behaviour that causes hatred for Linda in Malpais by sleeping with her and bringing her mescal, he withal holds the traditional beliefs of his tribe. In his early years John attempted to kill him, but Popé brushed off his endeavour and sent him fleeing. He gave Linda a copy of the Complete Works of Shakespeare. (Historically, Popé or Po'pay was a Tewa religious leader who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 confronting Spanish colonial rule.)
• Mitsima, an elder tribal shaman who also teaches John survival skills such as rudimentary ceramics (specifically coil pots, which were traditional to Native American tribes) and bow-making.
• Kiakimé, a native girl who John barbarous for, merely is instead eventually wed to another boy from Malpais.
• Kothlu, a native boy with whom Kiakimé is wed.

Groundwork figures [edit]

These are non-fictional and factual characters who lived before the events in this book, but are of note in the novel:

• Henry Ford, who has become a messianic figure to the World Country. "Our Ford" is used in identify of "Our Lord", as a credit to popularising the use of the assembly line.
• Sigmund Freud, "Our Freud" is sometimes said in place of "Our Ford" because Freud's psychoanalytic method depends implicitly upon the rules of classical workout,^{[ citation needed ]} and because Freud popularised the idea that sexual activity is essential to human happiness. (It is also strongly implied that citizens of the World State believe Freud and Ford to be the same person.)^[29]
• H. Thousand. Wells, "Dr. Wells", British author and utopian socialist, whose book Men Like Gods was a motivation for Dauntless New World. "All'southward well that ends Wells", wrote Huxley in his letters, criticising Wells for anthropological assumptions Huxley constitute unrealistic.
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose conditioning techniques are used to train infants.
• William Shakespeare, whose banned works are quoted throughout the novel by John, "the Brutal". The plays quoted include Macbeth, The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Village, King Lear, Troilus and Cressida, Measure out for Measure and Othello. Mustapha Mond as well knows them because as a World Controller he has access to a choice of books from throughout history, including the Bible.
• Thomas Robert Malthus, 19th century British economist, believed the people of the Earth would eventually be threatened by their disability to raise enough nutrient to feed the population. In the novel, the eponymous character devises the contraceptive techniques (Malthusian belt) that are skilful by women of the World State.
• Reuben Rabinovitch, the Polish-Jew graphic symbol on whom the effects of sleep-learning, hypnopædia, are kickoff observed.
• John Henry Newman, 19th century Catholic theologian and educator, believed university teaching the critical element in advancing post-industrial Western culture. Mustapha Mond and The Roughshod discuss a passage from one of Newman's books.
• Alfred Mond, British industrialist, financier and politician. He is the namesake of Mustapha Mond.^[30]
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and start President of Republic of Turkey. Naming Mond after Atatürk links upwardly with their characteristics, he reigned during the fourth dimension Dauntless New World was written and revolutionised the 'old' Ottoman state into a new nation.^[30]

Sources of names and references [edit]

The limited number of names that the Earth State assigned to its bottle-grown citizens can be traced to political and cultural figures who contributed to the bureaucratic, economical, and technological systems of Huxley's age, and presumably those systems in Brave New World.^[31]

• Soma: Huxley took the proper name for the drug used past the land to control the population after the Vedic ritual drink Soma, inspired by his interest in Indian mysticism.
• Malthusian belt: A contraceptive device worn by women. When Huxley was writing Brave New World, organizations such as the Malthusian League had spread throughout Europe, advocating contraception. Although the controversial economic theory of Malthusianism was derived from an essay by Thomas Malthus most the economic effects of population growth, Malthus himself was an advocate of forbearance rather than contraception.

Critical reception [edit]

Upon publication, Rebecca Due west praised Dauntless New World equally "The virtually accomplished novel Huxley has yet written",^[32] Joseph Needham lauded it as "Mr. Huxley'south remarkable book",^[33] and Bertrand Russell also praised information technology, stating, "Mr. Aldous Huxley has shown his usual masterly skill in Dauntless New World."^[34]

However, Dauntless New World also received negative responses from other contemporary critics, although his work was subsequently embraced.^[35]

In an article in the 4 May 1935 issue of the Illustrated London News, G. Thousand. Chesterton explained that Huxley was revolting against the "Age of Utopias". Much of the discourse on man's future before 1914 was based on the thesis that humanity would solve all economical and social issues. In the decade following the war the discourse shifted to an examination of the causes of the catastrophe. The works of H. Grand. Wells and George Bernard Shaw on the promises of socialism and a World State were and so viewed as the ideas of naive optimists. Chesterton wrote:

Afterward the Age of Utopias came what nosotros may call the American Age, lasting as long as the Boom. Men like Ford or Mond seemed to many to accept solved the social riddle and fabricated capitalism the common practiced. But it was non native to us; it went with a buoyant, not to say blatant optimism, which is not our negligent or negative optimism. Much more than Victorian righteousness, or fifty-fifty Victorian cocky-righteousness, that optimism has driven people into pessimism. For the Slump brought even more disillusionment than the War. A new bitterness, and a new bewilderment, ran through all social life, and was reflected in all literature and art. Information technology was cynical, not just of the former Commercialism, but of the old Socialism. Brave New World is more of a revolution confronting Utopia than against Victoria.^[36]

Similarly, in 1944 economist Ludwig von Mises described Brave New World equally a satire of utopian predictions of socialism: "Aldous Huxley was even mettlesome enough to make socialism'due south dreamed paradise the target of his sardonic irony."^[37]

Fordism and order [edit]

The World State is built upon the principles of Henry Ford'southward assembly line: mass product, homogeneity, predictability, and consumption of disposable consumer appurtenances. While the World State lacks any supernatural-based religions, Ford himself is revered as the creator of their society but not as a deity, and characters celebrate Ford Day and swear oaths by his name (e.g., "By Ford!"). In this sense, some fragments of traditional faith are present, such equally Christian crosses, which had their tops cut off to be changed to a "T", representing the Ford Model T. In England, at that place is an Arch-Community-Songster of Canterbury, obviously continuing the Archbishop of Canterbury, and in America The Christian Science Monitor continues publication as The Fordian Science Monitor. The Earth Country agenda numbers years in the "AF" era—"Anno Ford"—with the calendar beginning in Advert 1908, the year in which Ford's beginning Model T rolled off his assembly line. The novel's Gregorian calendar year is Advert 2540, but information technology is referred to in the volume as AF 632.^{[ citation needed ]}

From birth, members of every class are indoctrinated by recorded voices repeating slogans while they sleep (called "hypnopædia" in the book) to believe their ain class is superior, but that the other classes perform needed functions. Any residual unhappiness is resolved by an antidepressant and hallucinogenic drug called soma.

The biological techniques used to control the populace in Brave New World practise not include genetic engineering; Huxley wrote the book before the construction of DNA was known. However, Gregor Mendel'southward work with inheritance patterns in peas had been rediscovered in 1900 and the eugenics movement, based on artificial selection, was well established. Huxley's family unit included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, half-blood brother and Nobel Laureate Andrew Huxley, and his brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. All the same, Huxley emphasises conditioning over convenance (nurture versus nature); human embryos and fetuses are conditioned through a carefully designed regimen of chemical (such as exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense oestrus or common cold, as one'due south future career would dictate), and other environmental stimuli, although in that location is an chemical element of selective breeding as well.

Comparisons with George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four [edit]

In a alphabetic character to George Orwell most Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley wrote "Whether in bodily fact the policy of the kicking-on-the-confront can proceed indefinitely seems hundred-to-one. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will observe less backbreaking and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its lust for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Dauntless New Globe."^[38] He went on to write "Within the next generation I believe that the world'south rulers will discover that baby conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more than efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for ability can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience."^[38]

Social critic Neil Postman contrasted the worlds of Xix Eighty-Four and Brave New World in the foreword of his 1985 book Agreeable Ourselves to Decease. He writes:

What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would exist no reason to ban a book, for there would be no 1 who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive the states of information. Huxley feared those who would give us and then much that we would exist reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would exist concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would exist drowned in a body of water of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would go a captive civilisation. Huxley feared we would go a little civilization, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New World Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into account man'due south nigh infinite appetite for distractions." In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled by inflicting pain. In Brave New World, they are controlled by inflicting pleasance. In brusk, Orwell feared that what we hate volition ruin united states. Huxley feared that what we honey volition ruin us.

Journalist Christopher Hitchens, who himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell, noted the difference between the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 article "Why Americans Are Not Taught History":

We dwell in a present-tense culture that somehow, significantly, decided to employ the telling expression "You're history" every bit a option reprobation or insult, and thus elected to speak forgotten volumes virtually itself. By that standard, the forbidding dystopia of George Orwell's Nineteen Lxxx-4 already belongs, both as a text and as a date, with Ur and Mycenae, while the hedonist nihilism of Huxley still beckons toward a painless, amusement-sodden, and stress-free consensus. Orwell's was a house of horrors. He seemed to strain credulity because he posited a regime that would go to whatsoever lengths to own and possess history, to rewrite and construct it, and to inculcate information technology by means of coercion. Whereas Huxley ... rightly foresaw that whatsoever such regime could intermission because information technology could not bend. In 1988, four years after 1984, the Soviet Union scrapped its official history curriculum and announced that a newly authorized version was somewhere in the works. This was the precise moment when the regime conceded its ain extinction. For true blissed-out and vacant servitude, though, you lot need an otherwise sophisticated society where no serious history is taught.^[39]

Brave New Earth Revisited [edit]

In 1946, Huxley wrote in the foreword of the new edition of Brave New Globe:

If I were at present to rewrite the book, I would offer the Brutal a third alternative. Between the Utopian and primitive horns of his dilemma would prevarication the possibility of sanity... In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry-Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative. Science and technology would exist used as though, like the Sabbath, they had been made for homo, not (as at present and however more so in the Brave New World) as though man were to be adapted and enslaved to them. Religion would be the conscious and intelligent pursuit of man'due south Final End, the unitive noesis of immanent Tao or Logos, the transcendent Godhead or Brahman. And the prevailing philosophy of life would be a kind of College Utilitarianism, in which the Greatest Happiness principle would be secondary to the Terminal Terminate principle—the beginning question to exist asked and answered in every contingency of life being: "How volition this thought or action contribute to, or interfere with, the achievement, by me and the greatest possible number of other individuals, of human being's Final Cease?"^[twoscore]

Brave New World Revisited (Harper & Brothers, US, 1958; Chatto & Windus, Great britain, 1959),^[41] written by Huxley well-nigh xxx years after Brave New World, is a non-fiction work in which Huxley considered whether the globe had moved toward or away from his vision of the future from the 1930s. He believed when he wrote the original novel that it was a reasonable guess as to where the earth might go in the future. In Dauntless New World Revisited, he concluded that the earth was becoming similar Brave New World much faster than he originally thought.

Huxley analysed the causes of this, such equally overpopulation, besides as all the means past which populations can be controlled. He was particularly interested in the furnishings of drugs and subliminal suggestion. Brave New World Revisited is different in tone because of Huxley's evolving thought, equally well as his conversion to Hindu Vedanta in the interim between the two books.

The last affiliate of the book aims to propose action which could be taken to prevent a democracy from turning into the totalitarian world described in Brave New World. In Huxley's last novel, Island, he again expounds similar ideas to describe a utopian nation, which is by and large viewed every bit a analogue to Brave New Globe.^{[ citation needed ]}

Censorship [edit]

According to American Library Association, Brave New World has ofttimes been banned and challenged in the United States due to insensitivity, offensive language, nudity, racism, conflict with a religious viewpoint, and being sexually explicit.^[42] It landed on the listing of the elevation ten most challenged books in 2010 (iii) and 2011 (7).^[42] The volume also secured a spot on the clan's list of the top one hundred challenged books for 1990-1999 (54),^[5] 2000-2009 (36),^{[half dozen]} and 2010-2019 (26).^[7]

The following include specific instances of when the volume has been censored, banned, or challenged:

• In 1932, the book was banned in Ireland for its language, and for supposedly being anti-family and anti-religion.^{[43] [44]}
• In 1965, a Maryland English teacher alleged that he was fired for assigning Brave New World to students. The teacher sued for violation of First Amendment rights but lost both his case and the appeal.^[45]
• The book was banned in India in 1967, with Huxley accused of beingness a "pornographer".^[46]
• In 1980, information technology was removed from classrooms in Miller, Missouri amongst other challenges.^[47]
• The version of Brave New World Revisited published in China lacks explicit mentions of China itself.^[48]

Influences and allegations of plagiarism [edit]

The English writer Rose Macaulay published What Not: A Prophetic One-act in 1918. What Non depicts a dystopian future where people are ranked by intelligence, the government mandates mind training for all citizens, and procreation is regulated by the state.^[49] Macaulay and Huxley shared the aforementioned literary circles and he attended her weekly literary salons.

George Orwell believed that Brave New World must have been partly derived from the 1921 novel We by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin.^[fifty] However, in a 1962 letter of the alphabet to Christopher Collins, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New Earth long earlier he had heard of Nosotros.^[51] Co-ordinate to We translator Natasha Randall, Orwell believed that Huxley was lying.^[52] Kurt Vonnegut said that in writing Player Piano (1952), he "cheerfully ripped off the plot of Brave New World, whose plot had been cheerfully ripped off from Yevgeny Zamyatin's Nosotros".^[53]

In 1982, Polish author Antoni Smuszkiewicz, in his assay of Shine science-fiction Zaczarowana gra ("The Magic Game"), presented accusations of plagiarism confronting Huxley. Smuszkiewicz showed similarities between Brave New World and two science fiction novels written earlier by Shine writer Mieczysław Smolarski, namely Miasto światłości ("The Urban center of Light", 1924) and Podróż poślubna pana Hamiltona ("Mr Hamilton's Honeymoon Trip", 1928).^[54] Smuszkiewicz wrote in his open letter of the alphabet to Huxley: "This work of a great author, both in the general depiction of the globe every bit well as countless details, is so similar to two of my novels that in my opinion there is no possibility of accidental illustration."^[55]

Kate Lohnes, writing for Encyclopædia Britannica, notes similarities betwixt Brave New World and other novels of the era could be seen as expressing "common fears surrounding the rapid advancement of engineering and of the shared feelings of many tech-skeptics during the early 20th century". Other dystopian novels followed Huxley's work, including Orwell'southward Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).^[56]

Legacy [edit]

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its list of the 100 best English-linguistic communication novels of the 20th century.^[2] In 2003, Robert McCrum writing for The Observer included Dauntless New World chronologically at number 53 in "the tiptop 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.^[4]

On v November 2019, the BBC News listed Brave New World on its listing of the 100 about influential novels.^[57]

Adaptations [edit]

Theatre [edit]

• Brave New World (opened iv September 2015) in co-production by Royal & Derngate, Northampton and Touring Consortium Theatre Visitor which toured the UK. The adaptation was by Dawn King, equanimous past These New Puritans and directed by James Dacre.

Radio [edit]

• Brave New Globe (radio broadcast) CBS Radio Workshop (27 January and 3 February 1956): music composed and conducted past Bernard Herrmann. Adapted for radio by William Froug. Introduced by William Conrad and narrated by Aldous Huxley. Featuring the voices of Joseph Kearns, Bill Idelson, Gloria Henry, Charlotte Lawrence,^[58] Byron Kane, Sam Edwards, Jack Kruschen, Vic Perrin, Lurene Tuttle, Herb Butterfield, Paul Hebert, Doris Singleton.^[59]
• Brave New World (radio broadcast) BBC Radio4 (May 2013)
• Brave New World (radio broadcast) BBC Radio4 (22, 29 May 2016)

Movie [edit]

• Brave New World (1980), a tv set film directed by Burt Brinckerhoff
• Brave New World (1998), a television film directed by Leslie Libman and Larry Williams
• In 2009 a theatrical film was announced to be in development, with collaboration between Ridley Scott and Leonardo DiCaprio.^[60] By May 2013 the projection was placed on hold.^[61]

Idiot box [edit]

In May 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Steven Spielberg'south Amblin Television would bring Dauntless New World to Syfy network as a scripted series, adapted past Les Bohem.^[62] The adaptation was somewhen written by David Wiener with Grant Morrison and Brian Taylor, with the series ordered to air on USA Network in February 2019.^[63] The serial somewhen moved to the Peacock streaming service and premiered on 15 July 2020.^[64] In October 2020, the series was canceled after one season.^[65]

See too [edit]

• The Abolition of Human
• Alpha (ethology)
• Anti-nationalism
• Anti-theism
• Canticle
• Artificial uterus
• Brain–estimator interface
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• The Glass Fortress (2016 picture)

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ "Dauntless New Globe Book Details". fAR BookFinder . Retrieved 28 November 2016.
2. ^ ^{a b} "100 Best Novels". Random House. 1999. Retrieved 23 June 2007. This ranking was by the Modern Library Editorial Lath of authors.
3. ^ ^{a b} McCrum, Robert (12 October 2003). "100 greatest novels of all time". Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
4. ^ ^{a b} "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 26 October 2012
5. ^ ^{a b} Role of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "100 virtually oftentimes challenged books: 1990-1999". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
6. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Liberty (26 March 2013). "Peak 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
7. ^ ^{a b} Part of Intellectual Freedom (nine September 2020). "Top 100 Most Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
8. ^ Betimes. "Brave New Globe". In Our Time. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
9. ^ Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2007). William Shakespeare: Complete Works. The Imperial Shakespeare Company. Principal Associate Editor: Héloïse Sénéchal. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. p. 47. ISBN978-0-230-00350-vii.
10. ^ Ira Grushow (October 1962). "Brave New World and The Tempest". College English language. 24 (i): 42–45. doi:10.2307/373846. JSTOR 373846.
11. ^ Martine de Gaudemar (1995). La Notion de nature chez Leibniz: colloque. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 77. ISBN978-3-515-06631-0.
12. ^ Meckier, Jerome (1979). "A Neglected Huxley "Preface": His Earliest Synopsis of Brave New World". Twentieth Century Literature. 25 (1): one–twenty. doi:10.2307/441397. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 441397.
13. ^ Murray, Nicholas (xiii December 2003). "Nicholas Murray on his life of Huxley". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 Apr 2020.
14. ^ "A. Huxley in Sanary 1 - Introduction". www.sanary.com. Archived from the original on eleven January 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
15. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1969). "letter to Mrs. Kethevan Roberts, eighteen May 1931". In Smith, Grover (ed.). Messages of Aldous Huxley. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row. p. 348. I am writing a novel almost the futurity – on the horror of the Wellsian Utopia and a defection against it. Very difficult. I have hardly enough imagination to deal with such a subject. Merely it is none the less interesting work.
16. ^ Heje, Johan (2002). "Aldous Huxley". In Harris-Fain, Darren (ed.). British Fantasy and Scientific discipline-Fiction Writers, 1918–1960. Detroit: Gale Grouping. p. 100. ISBN0-7876-5249-0.
17. ^ Lawrence biographer Frances Wilson writes that "the unabridged novel is saturated in Lawrence" and cites "Lawrence's New Mexico" in detail. Wilson, Frances (2021). Burning Man: The Trials of D.H. Lawrence, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pp. 404-405.
18. ^ Nathaniel Ward "The visions of Wells, Huxley and Orwell - why was the Twentieth Century impressed by Distopias rather than Utopias?" in Ophelia Ruddle (ed.) Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Multidisciplinary Round Table on Twentieth Century Culture"
19. ^ Haldane, J.B.S. (1924). Daedalus; or, Scientific discipline and the Future.
20. ^ Dyson, Freeman (1976). Agonizing the Universe. Basic Books. Chapter 15.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Bradshaw, David (2004). "Introduction". In Huxley, Aldous (ed.). Dauntless New Earth (Print ed.). London, Uk: Vintage.
22. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World (Vintage Classics ed.). ^{[ page needed ]}
23. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2002). "Aldous Huxley's Americanization of the "Brave New World"" (PDF). Twentieth Century American Literature. 48 (iv): 439. JSTOR 3176042. Retrieved xxx December 2021.
24. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 101. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
25. ^ ^{a b} Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 253. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
26. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Dauntless New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 252. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
27. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 254. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
28. ^ Her name is a in-joke reference to John Keate, the notorious 19th century flogging headmaster of Eton.
29. ^ affiliate 3, "Our Ford-or Our Freud, equally, for some inscrutable reason, he chose to call himself whenever he spoke of psychological matters–Our Freud had been the first to reveal the bloodcurdling dangers of family life"
30. ^ ^{a b} Naughton, John (22 Nov 2013). "Aldous Huxley: the prophet of our brave new digital dystopia | John Naughton". The Guardian . Retrieved 7 Oct 2018.
31. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2006). "Onomastic Satire: Names and Naming in Brave New World". In Firchow, Peter Edgerly; Nugel, Bernfried (eds.). Aldous Huxley: mod satirical novelist of ideas. Lit Verlag. pp. 187ff. ISBNthree-8258-9668-iv. OCLC 71165436. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
32. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 5 February 1932. Reprinted in Donald Watt, "Aldous Huxley: The Critical Heritage. London; Routledge, 2013 ISBN 1136209697 (pp. 197–201).
33. ^ Scrutiny, May 1932 . Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 202–205).
34. ^ The New Leader, 11 March 1932. Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 210–13).
35. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition (17 October 2006), P.Due south. Edition, ISBN 978-0-06-085052-4  — "Almost the Book." — "Too Far Ahead of Its Time? The Contemporary Response to Brave New World (1932)" p. viii-11
36. ^ G.K. Chesterton, review in The Illustrated London News, 4 May 1935
37. ^ Ludwig von Mises (1944). Bureaucracy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p 110
38. ^ ^{a b} "Letters of Annotation: 1984 v. Brave New World". viii February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
39. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Goodbye to All That: Why Americans Are Not Taught History." Harper's Magazine. November 1998, pp. 37–47.
40. ^ Huxley, Aldous (2005). Brave New Globe and Dauntless New Earth Revisited. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. p. 7. ISBN978-0060776091.
41. ^ "Brave New World Revisited – HUXLEY, Aldous | Betwixt the Covers Rare Books". Betweenthecovers.com. Archived from the original on nine June 2011. Retrieved ane June 2010.
42. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "Top 10 Nigh Challenged Books Lists". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
43. ^ "Banned Books". Classiclit.about.com. ii November 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
44. ^ "Banned Books". pcc.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved xi June 2010.
45. ^ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of Earth Literature (Second ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 472. ISBN978-0-8160-8232-2. In 1965, a teacher of English in Maryland claimed that the local school board had violated his Start Subpoena rights by firing him later he assigned Brave New World equally a required reading in his class. The district courtroom ruled confronting the teacher in Parker v. Board of Education, 237 F. Supp. 222 (D.Physician) and refused his request for reinstatement in the teaching position. When the case was later heard past the circuit courtroom, Parker v. Lath of Education, 348 F.second 464 (4th Cir. 1965), the presiding approximate affirmed the ruling of the lower court and included in the conclusion the opinion that the nontenured status of the teacher accounted for the firing and not the assignment of a particular book.
46. ^ Sharma, Partap (1975). Razdan, C. K. (ed.). Blank breasts and Bare Bottoms: Anatomy of Film Censorship in India. Bombay: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 21–22.
47. ^ Sakmann, Lindsay. "LION: Banned Books Week: Banned BOOKS in the Library". library.albright.edu . Retrieved xviii June 2020.
48. ^ Hawkins, Amy; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (thirteen January 2019). "Why 1984 Isn't Banned in China". The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 Nov 2021.
49. ^ Livni, Ephrat (19 December 2018). "A woman first wrote the prescient ideas Huxley and Orwell made famous". Quartz . Retrieved 28 Oct 2020.
50. ^ Orwell, George (iv January 1946). "Review". Orwell Today. Tribune.
51. ^ Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin's We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. p. 13. ISBN978-i-85399-393-0.
52. ^ "Leonard Lopate Show". WNYC. eighteen August 2006. Archived from the original on v Apr 2011. {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (radio interview with Nosotros translator Natasha Randall)
53. ^ Playboy interview with Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, July 1973.
54. ^ Smuszkiewicz, Antoni (1982). Zaczarowana gra: zarys dziejów polskiej fantastyki naukowej (in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznanskie. OCLC 251929765. ^{[ page needed ]}
55. ^ "Nowiny Literackie" 1948 No. 4, p 7
56. ^ Kate Lohnes, Dauntless New World at the Encyclopædia Britannica
57. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed past BBC Arts". BBC News. v November 2019. Retrieved ten Nov 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC'southward twelvemonth-long commemoration of literature.
58. ^ "Forgotten Actors: Charlotte Lawrence". Forgottenactors.blogspot.ca. 4 December 2012. Retrieved xi August 2016.
59. ^ Jones, Josh (20 Nov 2014). "Hear Aldous Huxley Read Brave New World. Plus 84 Classic Radio Dramas from CBS Radio Workshop (1956-57)". Open Culture. Retrieved xi August 2016.
60. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio And Ridley Scott Team for 'Dauntless New World' Adaptation". Filmofilia. ix August 2009.
61. ^ Weintraub, Steve "Frosty". "Ridley Scott Talks PROMETHEUS, Viral Advert, TRIPOLI, the BLADE RUNNER Sequel, PROMETHEUS Sequels, More, May 31, 2012". Collider.
62. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (5 May 2015). "Steven Spielberg's Amblin, Syfy Adapting Archetype Novel 'Brave New World' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
63. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (thirteen February 2019). "'Brave New Globe' Drama Based on Aldous Huxley Novel Moves From Syfy To USA With Serial Order". Borderline . Retrieved thirteen February 2019.
64. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (17 September 2019). "NBCU Streamer Gets Name, Sets Slate of Reboots, 'Dr. Death', Ed Helms & Amber Ruffin Series, 'Parks & Rec'". Deadline . Retrieved 17 September 2019.
65. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (28 Oct 2020). "'Brave New World' Canceled By Peacock Afterwards One Flavor". Deadline. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 31 Baronial 2021.

General bibliography [edit]

• Huxley, Aldous (1998). Brave New Globe (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-092987-1.
• Huxley, Aldous (2005). Brave New Globe and Brave New World Revisited (Starting time Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-077609-9.
• Huxley, Aldous (2000). Dauntless New World Revisited (Get-go Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-095551-ane.
• Postman, Neil (1985). Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business organization. United states of america: Penguin USA. ISBN0-670-80454-1.
• Higgins, Charles; Higgins, Regina (2000). Cliff Notes on Huxley's Brave New World. New York: Wiley Publishing. ISBN0-7645-8583-5.
• Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin'southward We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN978-1-85399-393-0.

External links [edit]

• Brave New World title list at the Cyberspace Speculative Fiction Database
• Dauntless New Globe at Faded Folio (Canada)
• Brave New World Revisited at Faded Folio (Canada)
• 1957 interview with Huxley as he reflects on his life work and the meaning of Brave New Earth
• Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
• Aldous Huxley'southward Brave New Earth: BBC Radio 4 In Our Time give-and-take
• Literapedia page for Brave New Earth
• Brave New Globe? A Defence Of Paradise-Technology, a critical analysis past David Pearce (also bachelor every bit a video recording)
• The Huxley Trap (The New York Times; 14 November 2018)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World

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